调养免疫力小课堂 | 第九期：专家解读神奇的中草药多糖

本期内容特邀东北师范大学生命科学学院院长、长白山学者特聘教授周义发先生，为大家解读中草药多糖的健康作用。

糖类化合物是自然界中含量最丰富的天然产物，与我们的生活密切相关。我们熟悉的有葡萄糖、蔗糖、乳糖，这些都是简单的糖类化合物。

自然界中还存在多糖类化合物。多糖是10个以上单糖连接形成的生物大分子，如“淀粉、纤维素、果胶、褐藻胶、透明质酸”等。多糖与葡萄糖、蔗糖这些简单糖的结构和性质完全不同，它们的分子形状像葡萄串一样的空间结构，不仅有主链，而且还有侧链。

我们熟悉的许多中草药都富含多糖，例如灵芝、香菇、银耳、黄芪、茯苓、党参等都含有葡聚糖、半乳聚糖和甘露聚糖^[1,2]。多糖结构复杂，功能多样，研究表明，同一种多糖分子可能作用于多种不同的受体及靶点，而同一种受体又能与多种多糖分子作用，因此多糖是实现中药多组分、多靶点、多途径、多功能以及协同作用的重要活性物质^[3,4]。

特别是在调节免疫调节活性方面，多糖有独特的功效^[5,6]。多糖毒性低，体内稳定性好^[7]；能够促进巨噬细胞吞噬，活化淋巴细胞，诱生多种免疫因子^[8,9]；还能通过免疫调节，抑制肿瘤生长^[10,11]，对非特异免疫和特异免疫均有增强作用。灵芝多糖就是典型的代表，具有非常好的调节免疫和抗肿瘤作用^[12,13]，已被广泛应用。

根据目标功效的需求，将多种中草药多糖，以特定比例组合在一起，形成了复合多糖^[14]。复合多糖组分增多，增加了作用靶点，通过多组分、多靶点以及协同作用提高了相应的活性，扩展了功效^[15,16]。事实上，复方中草药熬制过程也是形成复合多糖的过程，并由此提高了疗效。在食品复合多糖配制过程中，可参考中药处方的“君、臣、佐、使”等配伍原则，将不同功能的多糖组合，增强保健食品的功能。例如，将香菇多糖、茯苓多糖、银耳多糖按照一定配比组成复合多糖，其调节免疫活性比单一多糖的好^[17]。

总之，多糖资源广泛，活性多样，生产方便，是理想的食品、保健品以及药物资源，在食品和药品开发中将发挥重要作用。随着科学研究的深入，多糖必将为人类的健康作出更大的贡献。

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参考文献

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[2]Andrea CR, FhernandaRS, et al. Mushroom heteropolysaccharides: A review on their sources, structure and biological effects[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016, 136:358-375.

[3]Chen L, Ge M D, et al. Structure, bioactivity and applications of natural hyperbranched polysaccharides[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019,223:115076.

[4]Sun Y, Zhang M, et al. Efficient physical extraction of active constituents from edible fungi and their potential bioactivities: A review[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2019, 34:1690-1696.

[5]Chakraborty I, Sen I K, et al. Bioactive polysaccharides from natural sources: A review on the antitumor and immunomodulating activities[J]. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2019,22:101425.

[6]Gordon D. BrownSG. A new receptor for β-glucans[J]. Nature, 2001, 413:36-37.

[7]Nie L, Xiao Q, et al. Immune-enhancing effects of polysaccharides MLN-1 from by-product of Mai-luo-ning in vivo and in vitro[J]. Food and Agricultural Immunology,2019, 30(1):369–384.

[8]Wang J, Ge B, et al. Structural Analysis and Immunoregulation Activity Comparison of Five Polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015, 140:6-12.

[9]Lee DY, Park CW, et al. Immunostimulating and Antimetastatic Effects of Polysaccharides Purified from Ginseng Berry[J]. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2019, 47(4):1-17.

[10]Zhang W, Lei Z,et al. Water Extract of Sporoderm-Broken Spores of Ganoderma lucidum Induces Osteosarcoma Apoptosis and Restricts Autophagic Flux[J].OncoTargets and Therapy, 2019, 12:11651–11665.

[11]Lu J, Sun L X, et al. Antagonism by Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Against the Suppression by Culture Supernatants of B16F10 Melanoma Cells on Macrophage[J]. Phytotherapy Research, 2013, 28(2):200–206.

[12]Wang C, Shi S, et al. Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities of\r, Ganoderma lucidum\r, Polysaccharides in Glioma-Bearing Rats[J]. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 2018, 17(3):674-683.

[13]Na K, Li K, et al. Anticarcinogenic effects of water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo[J]. International Journal of Oncology, 2017, 50(5):1541–1554.

[14]Gao X, Qu H, et al. Protective effects of Ulva pertusa polysaccharide and polysaccharide‑iron (III) complex on cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice[J]. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2019, 133:911-919.

[15]Lai M, Wang J, et al. Preparation, complexation mechanism and properties of nano-complexes of Astragalus polysaccharide and amphiphilic chitosan derivatives[J]. Carbohydrate polymers, 2017, 161:261-269.

[16]Zia T, Usman M, et al. Development of inter-polymeric complex of anionic polysaccharides, alginate/k-carrageenan bio-platform for burn dressing[J]. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2020, 157:83-95.

[17]Zhang Q, Cong R, et al. Immunoenhancement of edible fungal polysaccharides (lentinan, tremellan, and pachymaran) on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mouse model. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2017, 2017:1-7.

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